Datenbanken und Aussagesätze (BD 2015)

In Formen passen

Wohlgeformt, aber wahr?

C.J. Date: Introduction to Database Systems (Edition 6). 1994

"the philosophy department's down the hallway"

Exzerpte aus Hugh Darwen: What a Databasde really is: Predicates and Propositions

Hello. Let me introduce myself. My name is Hugh Darwen, and I am the tutor (staff number 44525) in region 4 for certain students on course M358, which is entitled Relational Databases.

3 Sätze

• "The first, "Hello," is a mere signal, establishing contact."
• "The second is in the form of an imperative, demanding something of you, the reader (though of course we all know that it's really just a common courtesy in this particular instance)."
• "The third is a plain statement of fact."

...

How do we distinguish statements of fact from other kinds of sentences, such as greetings, imperatives, and questions? Well, here's another example that might help:

I am writing this article in my study at home in Warwickshire on February 9th,1997.

Now, you cannot tell whether what I've just told you is a true statement of fact or a false one, but you do know, from its very form, that it is either true or false. By contrast, we cannot say of utterances such as "Hello," "Let me introduce myself," or "What's the time?" that they must be either true or false.

...

A DATABASE IS A SET OF TRUE PROPOSITIONS

It's useful to view a database as representing a set of propositions (assumed to be true ones) concerning some enterprise of which the database is supposed to provide some kind of record (I'm using the term record here in its generic sense, not the special sense in which it's often used in computer contexts—in database contexts in particular). If we do take that view, there are some important questions that immediately arise:

• How do we choose which propositions should be stated to form the record of our enterprise?

• In what form should those propositions be stated?

• How can we instruct the computer to remember or forget a given proposition or set of propositions?

• Can we get the computer to prevent us from stating propositions that are ridiculous or contradictory? A ridiculous proposition might be one that states that a certain person is 200 years old; contradictory ones might state that a person is both male and female, or that a tutor in region 4 is—contrary to Open University rules—tutoring a student inregion 5.

• In what form can we present a question (or "query") to the computer, the response to which would be a proposition or a set of propositions derived by logic from a given database? And in what form should we expect to find that response?"

...

PREDICATES

• First, logicians from Aristotle onwards found that reasoning based just on the notion of propositions had certain severe limitations, which they eventually overcame by studying certain generalized forms of such propositions. They found that, when several propositions are of the same generalized form, various impressive shortcuts could be taken by reasoning in terms of those general forms instead of in terms of individual propositions per se.

• Second, commercial databases can contain billions of propositions; if propositions of the same general form cannot somehow be lumped together, such databases will surely be unmanageable and unusable.

...

It's predicates that have made databases, database management, and database queries tractable to computerization. Consider once again the proposition from my opening paragraph, which I'll now restate in a very slightly different way:

Hugh Darwen is the name of a tutor (staff number 44525) in region 4 for certain students on course M358, which is entitled Relational Databases.

It's easy to see that this statement has a certain form that could be common to a whole set of propositions one might wish to state in some record of the enterprise called the Open University.

...

Here's what is probably the most general form of the original proposition that we might all agree on:

... is the name of a tutor (staff number ... ) in region ... for certain students on course ... , which is entitled ... .

And that's a predicate!

heute gehen donauinsel

• Eine Aneinanderreihung von Worten, vergleichbar "hüte geben adonai sel"
• Aber was ist mit "gestern fahren prater" oder "bald laufen donaukanal"
• Es kann sich ein Muster ergeben. Wie in einem Intelligenztest

Quelle: Plakos

• Ein Muster wird wahrgenommen, entdeckt, geprüft, weitergeführt, formalisiert.

Termin	Transport	Ort
heute	gehen	donauinsel
woche	fliegen	Frankfurt

In der skizzierten Abfolge lassen sich einige zentrale philosophische Fragen kennzeichnen:

• Was sind beliebige Wortfolgen? Lärm (Informationstheorie)? Symptome (Psychoanalyse)? Abstraktionen (Phänomenologie)?
• Was wird aus diesen Wortfolgen, wenn sie zu einem Muster in Beziehung gesetzt werden? Was "sind" sie vor und nach dieser Operation?
• Welchen Charakter gewinnt eine Wortfolge durch Eingabe in eine Datenbank?
  • Sie passt zu den Attributen (sinnvoll, wohlgeformt).
  • Sie bindet die Attribute in einem Eintrag zusammen.
  • Der Eintrag organisiert eine Anzahl von Attributen zu einem Ganzen.
• Was ist dieses Ganze? Eine Beurteilungseinheit.
• Was macht eine Beurteilungseinheit aus? Sie unterliegt der Prüfung auf wahr oder falsch.

Es liegt im Begriff des Erfahrungsmusters, dass es ausgehend von einzelnen Gegebenheiten wahrgenommen und durch Wiederholung bestätigt wird. Regularitäten treten auf und werden bemerkt. Als Regularitäten können sie nur bemerkt werden, wenn auftretende Impulse als zugehörig zu anderen Impulsen bewertet werden. Der tägliche Heimweg folgt einem Muster und unterliegt einer Kontrolle. Wenn er ein Heimweg sein soll, kann sich das gewohnte Muster als unpassend erweisen. Die Charakterisierung "Heimweg" legt ein Beurteilungskriterium über das Muster, wie die Kategorien "Fingerabdruck" oder "Weltkarte" über entsprechende Bilder. (Es könnte sich auch um

Quelle: Fingerprint Quotes From The Bible

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